1. Energy Efficiency Standards

As of January 1, 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) updated minimum efficiency standards for residential heat pumps. The national split-system heat pump minimum efficiency standard increased from 14.0 SEER to 14.3 SEER2 and from 8.2 HSPF to 7.5 HSPF2.

The DOE also revised test procedures for central air conditioners and heat pumps, ensuring accurate efficiency measurement through updated industry standards like AHRI 210/240-2024.

2. Refrigerant Regulations

Starting January 1, 2025, all new residential air conditioners and heat pumps must utilize A2L refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP). This transition helps reduce environmental impact.

3. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Ventilation

State and local codes specify energy efficiency requirements, ventilation controls, and system sizing to ensure adequate indoor air quality, promoting occupant health and comfort.

4. Compliance and Enforcement

Manufacturers must comply with DOE regulations on certification, reporting, and enforcement (10 CFR Part 429). These cover statistical sampling plans, certified ratings, and record retention.

5. State and Local Variations

Some states enforce additional regulations or offer incentives for energy-efficient heat pumps. For example, California provides rebates for homeowners upgrading to efficient systems, with varying incentives based on income levels.

6. Ongoing Legal Developments

Certain states are challenging new energy efficiency standards in federally funded housing, citing concerns about increased costs and affordability. Ongoing legal battles may impact future HVAC regulations.

7. Recommendations for Stakeholders
  • Stay updated on federal and state HVAC regulations to ensure compliance.
  • Use energy-efficient heat pump models meeting the latest DOE standards.
  • Adopt refrigerants that comply with the 2025 transition to A2L substances.
  • Follow proper ventilation and IAQ requirements to enhance indoor comfort.
  • Leverage available state rebates and incentives for energy-efficient upgrades.
Conclusion

Navigating HVAC regulations requires compliance with federal and state mandates to ensure sustainability, efficiency, and legal adherence. Regular consultation with DOE and EPA resources helps stakeholders remain compliant and benefit from incentives.